why did china become communist quizlet

By the 1970s, however, a new set of circumstances existed. [203] The Americans were anxious to have the Nationalists take over their duties, and so General Wedemeyer further ordered the airlifting of 100,000 Nationalist troops into Northern China. [155] In January 1941, Chiang Kai-shek ordered Nationalist troops to ambush the CCP's New Fourth Army, one of the Communist armies that had been placed under Nationalist command, for alleged insubordination. [129][130] The White Terror spread nationwide and the United Front collapsed. You can navigate days by using left and right arrows. The CCP originally allied itself with the nationalist Kuomintang party against the warlords and foreign imperialism, but the Shanghai Massacre of Communists ordered by KMT leader Chiang Kai-shek in 1927 forced them into the Chinese Civil War. Responding to the suggestion from the State Department that the United States officially recognize the Peoples Republic of China, Truman said that as long he was president that cut-throat organization will not be recognized by us.Trumans flat rejection came after the launch of the Korean War, in which the PRC bore substantial responsibility for the loss of American life (an estimated thirty-eight thousand American servicemen died in Korea). [41] Agnes Smedley observed how even within a short distance from Shanghai, rural landlords operated essentially as feudal lords, paying for private armies, dominating local politics, and keeping numerous concubines. Though stay-at-home steel-making didn't pan out, other things did. United States announces that it will recognize communist China - History Just as with its Soviet predecessor, Russia [] has relied heavily on propaganda and disinformation to spread false narratives among its own people and those outside its borders, as well as to undermine the Wests coherence and resolve., As for Russias no-limits strategic partner, Gates wrote, Chinese TV and radio broadcasts, websites and publications are readily available in the United States, but there is no reciprocity in China., He attributed part of the problem to USIAs demise and the failure to build a substitute bureaucratic structure, but he also saw a lack of vision from the top. This was the basis of the First United Front, which in effect turned the CCP into the left-wing of the larger KMT. [c][175][176] Hyperinflation reduced the real wages of peasants, workers, and especially soldiers, and destroyed the savings of the upper-middle class that was Chiang's base of support. The October Revolution in Russia had inspired many of them to join study groups centered on Marxist theory. [212] The Nationalist advance also prompted Stalin, who did not want the CCP entirely crushed, to command Marshal Rodion Malinovsky to give most captured Japanese weapons to the CCP. They had won a great deal of support among the common people, especially peasants, who were glad to escape from the control of wealthy landlords and corrupt warlords. For most of the war the Communists had operated in rural areas without factories or support from the Allies, which the Kuomintang received in abundance. China was also becoming a more powerful regional and global actor once againjust in time for decolonization. According to William Blum, American aid included substantial amounts of mostly surplus military supplies, and loans were made to the KMT. If you're seeing this message, it means we're having trouble loading external resources on our website. Tung, William L. [1968] (1968). [82] The SunJoffe Manifesto issued in January 1923 formalized cooperation between the KMT and the Soviet Union. PDF Why Did the Communists Win the Chinese Revolution? on internal threats instead of the Japanese assault, a group of generals Homemade steel wasn't the best idea ever, but it was part of new initiatives launched during the Great Leap Forward campaign. [77] The CCP continued to be dominated by students and urban intellectuals living in China's large cities, where exposure to Marxist ideas was strongest: three of the first four party congresses were held in Shanghai, the other in Guangzhou. Meanwhile, another danger was looming. Routledge. Li grew to become the effective paramount leader with support from Xiang and advocated for an immediate armed uprising in the cities. in China reported a dictatorial suppression of dissent in Nationalist-controlled The landlords were subject to humiliation and violence. [204] As Nationalist troops moved in to formerly occupied territories, looting and large-scale corruption were common. warlords that prevented the formation of a strong central government. [128] Lin, a member of both the CCP and the KMT, had been serving as political commissar of the Sixth Army, part of the forces that captured Nanjing. [16], Starting during the end of Emperor Qianlong's reign, China entered a long period of decline known to modern historians as the "Century of Humiliation." To log in and use all the features of Khan Academy, please enable JavaScript in your browser. Amidst this backdrop, Chiang began to consolidate power in preparation for an expedition against the northern warlords. Following the Japanese surrender in 1945, China became an early hot spot in the Cold War. Its residents during this time became on average wealthier, more educated, and healthier. [153] In return for the ceasefire, the Communists agreed to dissolve the Red Army and place their units under National Revolutionary Army command. [108][109] Mao spent just over a month in Hunan and published his report in March. What was the goal of the Great Leap Forward, and did it succeed, according to the author? The rapid replacement of leadership enabled Chiang to effectively end civilian oversight of the military. An additional 1.8 to 2.68 million militia brought the total Communist forces to between 3 million and 4 million. These harsh and unpopular measures caused great hardship for the residents of cities such as Shanghai, where the unemployment rate rose dramatically to 37.5%. In the end, the Cultural Revolution caused a lot of problems. In the following decades, two great communist powers, the PRC and the Soviet Union, usually but not always cooperated in advancing Marxism-Leninism while competing for the leadership of the communist world. [151][152] In 1936, two of Chiang's generals arrested him in Xi'an and forced him to form the Second United Front with the Communists against Japan. Chiang Kai-shek ordered the Japanese troops to remain at their post to receive the Kuomintang and not surrender their arms to the Communists. States. It was a time when foreign influences were exploiting China's weak state more and more. politics and global tensions. A Brief Overview of Chinas Cultural Revolution, A Look at Hong Kong and China 20 Years After Reunification, Which Country Is Larger By Population? From 1911 to 1945, China experienced a revolution, a struggle against warlords, a civil war between the Nationalists led by Chiang Kai-Shek and the Communists led by Mao Zedong, and invasion by the Japanese. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! Such uprisings angered senior KMT figures, who were themselves landowners, emphasising the growing class and ideological divide within the revolutionary movement. The CCP also attempted to wear out the KMT forces as much as possible. A Rape in Beijing, December 1946: GIs, Nationalist Protests, and U.S. Foreign Policy by Robert Shaffer, The Pacific Historical Review, Vol. their civil war. They began the Long March, a 9,000 kilometer retreat to Northern China, where Chiang Kai-Shek's authority was weaker. It avoided the strong points of the KMT army and was prepared to abandon territory in order to preserve its forces. [194] The Communists abstained from trying to take and hold any major cities (with the exception of Chinchow), focusing instead on gaining control over the countryside. [180] As Mao Zedong said to an American Colonel David D. Barrett, the Communists had an army based on "millet plus rifles. The what? [119][97] In February 1927, he launched an offensive on the last and most important cities under Sun Choufang's control: Nanjing and Shanghai. The period 1953-57, corresponding to the First Five-Year Plan, was the beginning of China's rapid industrialization, and it is still regarded as having been enormously successful. It is available to order nowatAmazonandBarnes & Noble. In December 1949 Chiang proclaimed Taipei, Taiwan the temporary capital of the Republic, and continued to assert his government as the sole legitimate authority of all China, while the PRC government continued to call for the unification of all China. [19] Japan and the Western powers forced China to accept unequal treaties that gave them territorial concessions and allowed them to exploit the Chinese economy. World War Two Timeline From The Great War To Germanys Surrender. The Communists were able to mobilize a massive army of peasants with their program of radical land reform and gradually began winning open battles against the KMT. [177][178][179] When the Japanese surrendered, the Communists' "Liberated Zone" grew to contain 19 base areas (mostly in north China), making up one-quarter of the country's territory and one-third of its population. only nominally democratic, the Nationalist Government of Chiang Kai-shek Current administration from charges of having lost China. Releases, Administrative [156][157] The New Fourth Army Incident effectively ended any substantive co-operation between the Nationalists and the Communists, although open fighting between the two sides remained sporadic throughout the war. The new national flag of the People's Republic of China (the Five-starred Red Flag) was officially unveiled and hoisted to a 21-gun salute. Springer publishing. [209] He was replaced by General George Marshall, who arrived in China on 20 December 1945. [190][191][192] By mid-1945, the United States was firmly committed to supporting Chiang. To this day, the Chinese Communist Party remains the governing party of mainland China and the second-largest political party in the world.[2]. In February 1949, Acheson and Ambassador-at-Large Philip Jessup proposed to Truman that military supplies then being loaded in ships to Hawaii and San Francisco for Chiang Kai-sheks government be stopped as a move toward peace in China. They included Minister of Finance Sun Fo, Minister for Foreign Affairs Eugene Chen, and banker and industrialist T. V. The long civil war that created the new nation, however, had been one of peasants triumphing over urban dwellers and had involved the destruction of the old ruling classes. It gave Taiwan nearly the same status as any other nation recognized by the United States and also mandated that arms sales continue to the Nationalist government. Land reform did proceed in the countryside: landlords were virtually eliminated as a class, land was redistributed, and, after some false starts, Chinas countryside was placed on the path toward collectivization. In October of State. Schools suffered as students denounced their teachers as "bourgeois intellectuals"but don't try that with your teachers. [63][64] By 1920, Li and Chen had fully converted to Marxism, and Li founded the Peking Socialist Youth Corps in Beijing. ended the costly full-scale civil war between the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) [2002] (2002). [178] This was compounded by the Communists' lack of war material like trucks, artillery, and other heavy weaponry. On April 12, 1927, Chiang Kai-shek and his right-wing faction of the KMT massacred the Communists in Shanghai. It is only by taking the communists at their ideological word, treating their socialist utopia with literal-minded seriousness, that we can grasp the tragedy to which it led.In The Gulag Archipelago, Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn writes that the imagination and inner strength of Shakespeares villains stopped short at ten or so cadavers. The rapidly-expanding, Communist-led labor movement staged near-constant demonstrations in Wuhan itself and across the nominally KMT-controlled territories. Marshall to broker an agreement, by 1946 the two sides were We have to tell the truth. This article is part of our larger collection of resources on the Cold War. [52] The Chinese public saw this not only as a betrayal by the Western allies, but also as a failure by the Chinese Republican government to properly defend the country against imperialism. Chiang Kai-shek, 600,000 Nationalist troops and about two million Nationalist-sympathizer refugees retreated to the island of Taiwan. Politically, U.S. policymakers believed that they could play the China cardusing closer diplomatic relations with the PRC to pressure the Soviets into becoming more malleable on a variety of issues, including arms agreements. The CCP leadership quickly took over from Mao when they arrived from Shanghai. [10][11] Although it never posed a serious threat to the People's Republic, the Kuomintang Islamic insurgency continued until as late as 1958 in the provinces of Gansu, Qinghai, Ningxia, Xinjiang, and Yunnan. Starting from June 1950, the outbreak of the Korean War led the American government to place the United States Seventh Fleet in the Taiwan Strait to prevent either side from attacking the other, the cold war era of Taiwan Strait has begun. Drawing representing the support behind the proletarian cultural revolution in China. [195][196] Both the Kuomintang and the Chinese Communist Party immediately ordered their forces to take as much territory from the Japanese as possible, which would yield not just land, but also weapons and equipment from the defeated Japanese units. Bidens permissive environment strikes again, Montana legislator sues House speaker over censure, Supreme Court to consider overruling Chevron doctrine, McConnell insists hes sitting out debt talks to disbelief, Tucker Carlson, on leaked video, derides Fox streaming service, Senate rankings: Here are the 5 seats most likely to flip. The most common date used, and the one used here, is the Proclamation of the People's Republic of China on October 1, 1949. Each student is wearing a red armband. Mao Zedong. Cold War Detente US/Soviet Enmity Cools, California Do not sell my personal information. Does this evidence suggest that China is an imperial power, today. As its economy and power grew, China effectively became the third-strongest global power. fighting an all-out civil war. The cost of restoring order and building up integrated political institutions at all levels throughout the country proved important in setting Chinas course for the next two decades. Did this have anything to do with the opium war? And for a long time, it sponsored decolonization in many places. Sun encouraged this decision by offering praise for Vladimir Lenin and calling his principle of livelihood "a form of communism". [219] The Pingjin Campaign resulted in the Communist conquest of northern China. It joined the Non-Aligned Nationswho were committed to not taking sides in the US - Soviet Union rivalryand practiced a policy of overall opposition to imperialism and colonialism. Do you believe she has proven her argument in this article? We must start by changing how our people and our partners perceive the Chinese Communist Party. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Kuomintang, Sun Yixian, May Fourth Movement and more. In Beijing, 19 leading Communists were killed by Zhang Zuolin. [194] Stalin initially favored a coalition government in postwar China, and tried to persuade Mao to stop the CCP from crossing the Yangtze and attacking the KMT positions south of the river. [57], Many of the May Fourth protests were led and organized by students, who had become increasingly radical in the past few years. [3][4] However, full-scale warfare between the two sides did not truly recommence until June 26, 1946, when Chiang Kai-Shek launched a major offensive against Communist bases in Manchuria. [25][26] Periodic famines were common during both the Qing Dynasty and the later Chinese Republic. Liu Bocheng proposed to parade directors Yang Chengwu and Tang Yanjie be organized in the Soviet format, having personally witnessed a military parade on Red Square in Moscow. A system of sharecropping prevailed in much of Shanxi where landlords owned all agricultural capital and expected 80% of the harvest as rent. [17][18] Massive peasant rebellions, most notably the Taiping Rebellion, cost millions of lives and ravaged the countryside. Harvard University Press. [222][223] Manpower continued to grow as well; during the Huaihai Campaign alone the CCP was able to mobilize 5,430,000 peasants to fight against the KMT forces. (Ju Peng/Xinhua via AP), by Joseph Bosco, opinion contributor - 04/25/23 8:30 AM ET, by Joshua C. Huminski, opinion contributor, by Robert A. Manning, opinion contributor, by Mark Toth and Jonathan Sweet, Opinion Contributors, Two hospitals may have violated federal law in denying woman an emergency abortion, HHS says, Federal judge rules Pennsylvania school district must allow After School Satan Club. [31] Where a share of the harvest was paid, as in much of north China, rates of 40%, 50%, and 60% were common. [133] However, under pressure from Chiang, Wang eventually purged Communists from his government and declared his loyalty to the right-wing government in Nanjing. [113] Headed in Chiang's absence by Minister of Justice Xu Qian, the executive committee was a mix of liberals and conservatives who had not been subject to Chiang's purge of leftists. They will smash all the trammels that bind them and rush forward along the road to liberation. He also criticized Otto Braun's conventional tactics. Manchuria in 1931, The Nuremberg Trial and the Tokyo War Crimes Trials (19451948). Site created in November 2000. Most of China was never formally colonized. Pacific Affairs 24, no. In October 1949, when Mao Zedong proclaimed the birth of the People's Republic of China, a Bamboo Curtain descended on some 540 million Chinese just as an Iron Curtain had descended across the European continent. In the background, a Chinse emperor holds up his hands in an attempt to stop them. During World War II, popular support for the Communists increased. Ideology bred many of the same totalitarian practices in both countries: The key to understanding both the Soviet Union and Communist Chinaand really answering the question of when did China become communistasserts the historian Martin Malia, is ideology. Communist China joined North Korea in the war in November 1950, unleashing a massive Chinese ground attack against American forces. Was it a Soviet ally during the Cold War? Japan China war- country was ruined by war and was on the brink of mass starvation 5. What they urged was adequate U.S. military and economic aid to China, not American forces. suspend diplomatic ties with the PRC for decades. WHEN DID CHINA BECOME COMMUNIST (OFFICIALLY)? The announcement The exact end of the Revolution is also a bit unclear. Equipped with nuclear power after 1967, China emerged as the most powerful of these non-aligned nations. People were encouraged to build furnaces in their communities to make steel, in order to help China grow its industries. In October 1949, when Mao Zedong proclaimed the birth of the Peoples Republic of China, a Bamboo Curtain descended on some 540 million Chinese just as an Iron Curtain had descended across the European continent. Although the Communists did not hold any major Foreclosures are up. Vaughan, C. Edwin. For a comprehensive outline of the origins, key events, and conclusion of the Cold War, click here. [47][48][49] The New Culture Movement was especially strong in cities like Shanghai, where Chen Duxiu began to publish the left-leaning journal New Youth in 1915. [162] In the eight years of war, the CCP membership rose from 40,000 to 1,200,000. This tactic seemed to be successful; after a year, the power balance became more favorable to the CCP. The Great Leap Forward hadn't worked, and the economy was slow. published the China White Paper, which explained past U.S. policy toward China Shock at the CCP's success and fear of similar events occurring across East Asia led the United States to intervene militarily in Korea and South East Asia (e.g. by peasants for its unflagging efforts to fight against the Japanese [167][168], The impact of the war on the social and economics conditions of China had been brutal. Russia and China are running rings around us, he wrote in The Washington Post. [147] In January 1935, the CCP paused the march to hold a conference in Zunyi. [86] The KMT ratified this United Front at its First National Congress in 1924. At Yalta, the Allies had agreed to recognize Russia's claims in the Far East in exchange for a Soviet declaration of war on Japan. Many communists, however, considered these changes a betrayal of the revolution; their responses gradually became more intense, and the issue eventually began to divide the once cohesive revolutionary elite. Over the past decade, the Party has invested billions of dollars into overseas propaganda operations to great effect., While Xi Jinping has been compared to Mao Zedong, OBrien pointed to an earlier communist model. [186] At first, Mao demanded that Chiang grant the CCP certain conditions, but sustained pressure from Joseph Stalin made him realize the extent of the CCP's international isolation.
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